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ENERGY STORAGE

Learn what is Energy Storage and its benefits, See types for energy storage technologies and components of an ESS.
 
COMPONENTS OF AN ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
 
The various components of a battery energy storage system are shown in the Figure 1.7 Schematic.



ESS components (Figure 1.8) are grouped according to function into battery components, components required for reliable system operation, and grid connection components..

However, high penetration creates power transmission instability challenges, thus Grid Operators require stringent dynamic and static grid support features for Power Conversion Systems. For a stable transmission and distribution, the power grid operators need a real-time match between electricity supply and consumption.

The battery system consists of the battery pack, which connects multiple cells to appropriate voltage and capacity; the battery management system (BMS); and the battery thermal management system (B-TMS). The BMS protects the cells from harmful operation, in terms of voltage, temperature, and current, to achieve reliable and safe operation, and balances varying cell states-of-charge (SOCs) within a serial connection. The B-TMS controls the temperature of the cells according to their specifications in terms of absolute values and temperature gradients within the pack.

The components required for the reliable operation of the overall system are system control and monitoring, the energy management system (EMS), and system thermal management. System control and monitoring is general (IT) monitoring, which is partly combined into the overall supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system but may also include fire protection or alarm units. The EMS is responsible for system power flow control, management, and distribution. System thermal management controls all functions related to the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning of the containment system.

The power electronics can be grouped into the conversion unit, which converts the power flow between the grid and the battery, and the required control and monitoring components—voltage sensing units and thermal management of power electronics components (fan cooling).



BATTERY CHEMISTRY TYPES

Lead–Acid (PbA) Battery

This type of secondary cell is widely used in vehicles and other applications requiring high values of load current. Its main benefits are low capital costs, maturity of technology, and efficient recycling.

Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery

Li-ion battery chemistries have the highest energy density and are considered safe. No memory or scheduled cycling is required to prolong battery life. Li-Ion batteries are used in electronic devices such as cameras, calculators, laptop computers, and mobile phones, and are increasingly being used for electric mobility. Their advantages and disadvantages are summarized in Table 1.7.



 
Energy Storage Can Help


Beyond renewable integration energy storage brings benefits for commercial, industrial customers, grid operators.
 
 

Reduce Fuel Use

and carbon dioxide emissions with a greater use of clean electricity powered by wind and solar.
 

Increase Resiliency

manage the intermittence of renewable energy production and improve overall resiliency when the wind does not blow and when the sun doesn't shine.
 

Improve Power Quality
and reliability during against outages or disturbances in the grid, affecting their operation.
 

Save Money

reduce utility bills and generate revenue, avoid costly system upgrades, reduce operating expenses.
 

Generate Income

balancing electricity supply and demand, frequency response, capacity market, increased asset utilization.
 
 
 
 
ENERGY STORAGE TYPES

Energy storage devices can be categorized as mechanical, electrochemical, chemical, electrical, or thermal devices, depending on the storage technology used (Figure 1.1). Mechanical technology, including pumped hydropower generation, is the oldest technology. However, a limitation of this technology is its need for abundant water resources and a different geographic elevation, as well as the construction of power transmission lines to households that consume electricity. Recently, transmission-line construction cost has surpassed the cost of installing a pumped hydropower generation facility.

In addition to the recent spread of mobile information technology (IT) devices and electric vehicles, the increased mass production of lithium secondary batteries and their lowered costs have boosted demand for energy storage devices using such batteries. Lithium secondary batteries convert electric energy to chemical energy, and vice versa, using electrochemical technologies. Such technologies also include lead storage batteries and sodium–sulfur batteries. Chemical technologies include energy storage technologies such as fuel cells, and mechanical technologies include electric double-layer capacitors.

The performance of energy storage devices can be defined by their output and energy density.Their use can be differentiated by place and duration of use, as defined by the technology adopted.In Figure 1.2, the applications (in the tan-colored boxes) are classified according to output, usage period, and power requirement, and the energy storage devices (in the amber-colored boxes) according to usage period, power generation, and system and/or network operation.


Energy storage devices can be used for uninterruptible power supply (UPS), transmission and distribution (T&D) system support, or large-scale generation, depending on the technology applied and on storage capacity. Among electrochemical, chemical, and physical energy storage devices, the technologies that have received the most attention recently fall within the scope of UPS and T&D system support (Figure 1.3). Representative technologies include reduction–oxidation (redox) flow, sodium–sulfur (Na–S), lead–acid and advanced lead–acid, super-capacitor, lithium, and flywheel batteries. Lithium batteries are in common use today.


Battery technologies for energy storage devices can be differentiated on the basis of energy density, charge and discharge (round trip) efficiency, life span, and eco-friendliness of the devices (Figure 1.4). Energy density is defined as the amount of energy that can be stored in a single system per unit volume or per unit weight. Lithium secondary batteries store 150–250 watt-hours per kilogram (kg) and can store 1.5–2 times more energy than Na–S batteries, two to three times more than redox flow batteries, and about five times more than lead storage batteries.

Charge and discharge efficiency is a performance scale that can be used to assess battery efficiency. Lithium secondary batteries have the highest charge and discharge efficiency, at 95%, while lead storage batteries are at about 60%–70%, and redox flow batteries, at about 70%–75%.

One important performance element of energy storage devices is their life span, and this factor has the biggest impact in reviewing economic efficiency. Another major consideration is eco-friendliness, or the extent to which the devices are environmentally harmless and recyclable.



Technological changes in batteries are progressing toward higher energy density (Figure 1.5). Next-generation battery technologies—lithium-ion, zinc–air, lithium–sulfur, lithium–air, etc.—are expected to improve on the energy density of lithium secondary (rechargeable) batteries, and be priced below $50 per kilowatt (kW). Energy storage device applications vary depending on the time needed to connect to the generator, transmitter, and place of use of energy, and on energy use. Black start, a technology for restarting generators after blackouts without relying on the external power grid, is installed in the generating bus and supplies energy within 15–30 minutes. Power supply for maintaining frequency is provided within a quarter-hour to an hour of system operation. Power supply for maintaining voltage level is provided within a shorter operating interval. Grid storage needs are categorized in Figure 1.6 according to network function, power market, and duration of use. Table 1.1 compares the various battery technologies according to discharge time and energy-to-power ratio.





COMPONENTS OF AN ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
 
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PRIVACY POLICY

This website is the property of ENSMART POWER LTD holder of Registration No. 12272006, with registered office at Kemp House 160 City Road,London, UK EC1V 2NX, . For any enquiries or proposals, please contact us by email: sales@ensmartpower.com This Website is governed by regulations exclusively applicable in UK to whom both English and foreign users are subject.
Access to our Website by the USER is free of charge and subject to prior careful reading and full, express and unreserved acceptance of the GENERAL TERMS OF USE in force at the time of access. By using our website, its content or services, the USER accepts and expressly agrees to be subject to its general terms of use. If the user does not agree with these terms of use, he or she must refrain from using or operating through this website.
We may, at any time, unilaterally and without prior notice, modify the presentation and configuration of our Website, expand or reduce its services, or even delete it and its services and content from the Internet.

1.INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

All content, texts, images, trademarks and source codes are owned by us, or by third parties from whom we have acquired rights of exploitation, and are protected by intellectual and industrial property rights.
The user only has the right to private and non-profit use of the intellectual property, and requires express permission to modify, reproduce, exploit, distribute or exercise any right belonging to the owner.

2.TERMS OF ACCESS

Access to our Website is free of charge and does not require prior subscription or registration.
By sending his or her personal data, the USER is expressly accepting our privacy policy.
The user must access our Website in accordance with good faith, the rules of public order and these General Terms of Use. Access to our Website is made under the sole and exclusive responsibility of the user, who shall, in all cases, be held liable for any damage or harm caused to third parties or ourselves.
In view of the impossibility of monitoring the information, content and services offered by other websites that can be accessed through links on our website, we inform you that we are fully exempt from liability for any kind of damage or harm resulting from use by the user of these external websites.

3.PRIVACY POLICY

Confidentiality and security are core values of ENSMART POWER LTD and, consequently, we are committed to guaranteeing the privacy of the User at all times and not collecting unnecessary information. Below is important information about our Privacy Policy in relation to the personal data that we collect, and an explanation of the following:

  • Who the data controller of your data is.
  • The purposes of collecting the data that we request.
  • The legitimacy for its processing.
  • How long we store it.
  • Who receives your data.
  • Your rights and how to exercise them.
  • Data controller: see details at the top
  • Purposes, legitimacy and storage of data sent through:

CONTACT FORMS.

Purpose: To provide a means for you to contact us and for us to answer your enquiries and send you information about our products, services and activities, including by electronic means (email, SMS, etc.), if you tick the acceptance box. If requested, to send you price quotes for our products and services by electronic means.
Legitimacy: The user’s consent when making enquiries or requesting price quotes through our contact form and by ticking the acceptance box for receiving information.
Storage: Once you have made your enquiry or sent information through our form or your email has been answered if you have not generated a new processing, and if you have accepted the receipt of commercial information, until you request its cancellation.

EMAILS.

Purpose: To deal with your enquiries, respond to your requests and answer your questions or queries. If we receive your CV, your data may be used in our staff recruitment processes.  
Legitimacy: The user’s consent when making enquiries through the email address and/or, if applicable, when sending us your information and CV.
Storage: Once your enquiry has been answered by email if you have not generated a new processing. Your CV data may be kept for 1 year for future staff recruitment processes.

WORK WITH US FORMS.

Purpose: To enable you to participate in current and future staff recruitment processes. To check references. 
Legitimacy: Your consent when sending us your data and CV.
Storage: Your CV data may be kept for 1 year for future staff recruitment processes.

SUBSCRIPTIONS TO OUR NEWSLETTER.

Purpose: To send you commercial information about our products and our newsletter periodically.
Legitimacy: Your consent when registering for the receipt of commercial information.
Storage: Until you cancel the receipt of commercial information.

USER REGISTRATIONS

Purpose: To process your registration as a registered user in order to provide you with technical support or other exclusive services. If applicable, to send you commercial information about our products and our newsletter.
Legitimacy: Your consent when registering as a user on our website and accepting the receipt of commercial information.
Storage: For as long as you are a registered user and/or until you cancel.

EXISTENCE OF A CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIP

Purpose: To provide the services for which the contractual relationship was entered into and any resulting administrative tasks. To send you information about our products and services by electronic means.
Legitimacy: The fulfilment of the contractual relationship. Our legitimate interest in keeping customers/distributors of our products informed.
Storage: For the duration of the contractual relationship and in accordance with legal storage periods.
Obligation to provide us with your personal data and consequences of not doing so.
The provision of personal data requires a minimum age of 14, or, if applicable, the possession of sufficient legal capacity to enter into a contract.
The personal data requested is necessary to deal with your enquiries, register you as a user and/or provide contracted services, and consequently, if you do not provide your data, we will be unable to deal with you correctly or provide the service you request.
In all cases, we reserve the right to decide whether or not to incorporate your personal data into our databases for processing.

RECIPIENTS OF YOUR DATA

Your data is confidential and will not be transferred to third parties, unless there is a legal obligation to do so.
RIGHTS IN RELATION TO YOUR PERSONAL DATA

Anyone can withdraw their consent at any time if it has been granted for the processing of their data. Under no circumstances does the withdrawal of consent affect the fulfilment of the subscription contract or relationships generated previously.
You can also exercise the following rights:

  • Request access to your personal data or rectification if it is incorrect.
  • Request its erasure if, among other reasons, the data is no longer necessary for the purposes for which it was collected.
  • Request processing limitation in certain circumstances.
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  • Request the portability of your data in the cases provided for in the regulations.
  • Other rights recognised in the applicable regulations.

Where and how to request your rights: By means of a written notification to the data controller sent to its postal or electronic address (indicated in section A), indicating the reference ‘Personal Data,’ specifying the right to be exercised and identifying the personal data concerned.
In the event of disagreements with the company in relation to the processing of your data,please contact your local data protection authority in the European Economic Area (EEA) .

SECURITY OF YOUR PERSONAL DATA

With the aim of safeguarding the security of your personal data, we inform you that we have adopted all of the technical and organisational measures necessary to protect it from alteration, loss and unauthorised access or processing.

KEEPING YOUR DATA UP TO DATE

In order for us to keep your personal data up to date, it is important for you to inform us of any changes, failing which, we shall not accept any liability for its truthfulness.
This privacy policy does not apply to any personal data that you may provide to third parties found through links on our website.
This Privacy Policy was last amended on 15/07/2019. We may amend this privacy policy to adapt it to any changes made to our website and to personal data legislation and case law, and accordingly, it should be read every time that you provide us with your data.

4. RESPONSIBILITIES

By making this Website available to the user, we wish to offer a quality service, using the utmost diligence in its provision and the technological means used. We shall not, however, accept any liability for the presence of viruses and other elements that may damage the user’s computer system in any way.
We do not guarantee that the availability of the service will be continuous and uninterrupted.
The USER is prohibited from any action on our website that causes excessive overloading of our computer systems, as well as the introduction of viruses, or installation of robots or software that alters the normal functioning of our website, or may ultimately cause damage to our computer systems.
The USER assumes all responsibility arising from the use of our website.
The USER acknowledges that he or she has understood all of the information regarding the terms of use of our website, that they are sufficient to preclude any errors, and that he or she, therefore, fully and expressly accepts them

 
I agree to receive commercial communications from Ensmart.
I have read and I agree to Ensmart's privacy terms.
 

PRIVACY POLICY

This website is the property of ENSMART POWER LTD holder of Registration No. 12272006, with registered office at Kemp House 160 City Road,London, UK EC1V 2NX, . For any enquiries or proposals, please contact us by email: sales@ensmartpower.com This Website is governed by regulations exclusively applicable in UK to whom both English and foreign users are subject.
Access to our Website by the USER is free of charge and subject to prior careful reading and full, express and unreserved acceptance of the GENERAL TERMS OF USE in force at the time of access. By using our website, its content or services, the USER accepts and expressly agrees to be subject to its general terms of use. If the user does not agree with these terms of use, he or she must refrain from using or operating through this website.
We may, at any time, unilaterally and without prior notice, modify the presentation and configuration of our Website, expand or reduce its services, or even delete it and its services and content from the Internet.

1.INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

All content, texts, images, trademarks and source codes are owned by us, or by third parties from whom we have acquired rights of exploitation, and are protected by intellectual and industrial property rights.
The user only has the right to private and non-profit use of the intellectual property, and requires express permission to modify, reproduce, exploit, distribute or exercise any right belonging to the owner.

2.TERMS OF ACCESS

Access to our Website is free of charge and does not require prior subscription or registration.
By sending his or her personal data, the USER is expressly accepting our privacy policy.
The user must access our Website in accordance with good faith, the rules of public order and these General Terms of Use. Access to our Website is made under the sole and exclusive responsibility of the user, who shall, in all cases, be held liable for any damage or harm caused to third parties or ourselves.
In view of the impossibility of monitoring the information, content and services offered by other websites that can be accessed through links on our website, we inform you that we are fully exempt from liability for any kind of damage or harm resulting from use by the user of these external websites.

3.PRIVACY POLICY

Confidentiality and security are core values of ENSMART POWER LTD and, consequently, we are committed to guaranteeing the privacy of the User at all times and not collecting unnecessary information. Below is important information about our Privacy Policy in relation to the personal data that we collect, and an explanation of the following:

CONTACT FORMS.

Purpose: To provide a means for you to contact us and for us to answer your enquiries and send you information about our products, services and activities, including by electronic means (email, SMS, etc.), if you tick the acceptance box. If requested, to send you price quotes for our products and services by electronic means.
Legitimacy: The user’s consent when making enquiries or requesting price quotes through our contact form and by ticking the acceptance box for receiving information.
Storage: Once you have made your enquiry or sent information through our form or your email has been answered if you have not generated a new processing, and if you have accepted the receipt of commercial information, until you request its cancellation.

EMAILS.

Purpose: To deal with your enquiries, respond to your requests and answer your questions or queries. If we receive your CV, your data may be used in our staff recruitment processes.  
Legitimacy: The user’s consent when making enquiries through the email address and/or, if applicable, when sending us your information and CV.
Storage: Once your enquiry has been answered by email if you have not generated a new processing. Your CV data may be kept for 1 year for future staff recruitment processes.

WORK WITH US FORMS.

Purpose: To enable you to participate in current and future staff recruitment processes. To check references. 
Legitimacy: Your consent when sending us your data and CV.
Storage: Your CV data may be kept for 1 year for future staff recruitment processes.

SUBSCRIPTIONS TO OUR NEWSLETTER.

Purpose: To send you commercial information about our products and our newsletter periodically.
Legitimacy: Your consent when registering for the receipt of commercial information.
Storage: Until you cancel the receipt of commercial information.

USER REGISTRATIONS

Purpose: To process your registration as a registered user in order to provide you with technical support or other exclusive services. If applicable, to send you commercial information about our products and our newsletter.
Legitimacy: Your consent when registering as a user on our website and accepting the receipt of commercial information.
Storage: For as long as you are a registered user and/or until you cancel.

EXISTENCE OF A CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIP

Purpose: To provide the services for which the contractual relationship was entered into and any resulting administrative tasks. To send you information about our products and services by electronic means.
Legitimacy: The fulfilment of the contractual relationship. Our legitimate interest in keeping customers/distributors of our products informed.
Storage: For the duration of the contractual relationship and in accordance with legal storage periods.
Obligation to provide us with your personal data and consequences of not doing so.
The provision of personal data requires a minimum age of 14, or, if applicable, the possession of sufficient legal capacity to enter into a contract.
The personal data requested is necessary to deal with your enquiries, register you as a user and/or provide contracted services, and consequently, if you do not provide your data, we will be unable to deal with you correctly or provide the service you request.
In all cases, we reserve the right to decide whether or not to incorporate your personal data into our databases for processing.

RECIPIENTS OF YOUR DATA

Your data is confidential and will not be transferred to third parties, unless there is a legal obligation to do so.
RIGHTS IN RELATION TO YOUR PERSONAL DATA

Anyone can withdraw their consent at any time if it has been granted for the processing of their data. Under no circumstances does the withdrawal of consent affect the fulfilment of the subscription contract or relationships generated previously.
You can also exercise the following rights:

Where and how to request your rights: By means of a written notification to the data controller sent to its postal or electronic address (indicated in section A), indicating the reference ‘Personal Data,’ specifying the right to be exercised and identifying the personal data concerned.
In the event of disagreements with the company in relation to the processing of your data,please contact your local data protection authority in the European Economic Area (EEA) .

SECURITY OF YOUR PERSONAL DATA

With the aim of safeguarding the security of your personal data, we inform you that we have adopted all of the technical and organisational measures necessary to protect it from alteration, loss and unauthorised access or processing.

KEEPING YOUR DATA UP TO DATE

In order for us to keep your personal data up to date, it is important for you to inform us of any changes, failing which, we shall not accept any liability for its truthfulness.
This privacy policy does not apply to any personal data that you may provide to third parties found through links on our website.
This Privacy Policy was last amended on 15/07/2019. We may amend this privacy policy to adapt it to any changes made to our website and to personal data legislation and case law, and accordingly, it should be read every time that you provide us with your data.

4. RESPONSIBILITIES

By making this Website available to the user, we wish to offer a quality service, using the utmost diligence in its provision and the technological means used. We shall not, however, accept any liability for the presence of viruses and other elements that may damage the user’s computer system in any way.
We do not guarantee that the availability of the service will be continuous and uninterrupted.
The USER is prohibited from any action on our website that causes excessive overloading of our computer systems, as well as the introduction of viruses, or installation of robots or software that alters the normal functioning of our website, or may ultimately cause damage to our computer systems.
The USER assumes all responsibility arising from the use of our website.
The USER acknowledges that he or she has understood all of the information regarding the terms of use of our website, that they are sufficient to preclude any errors, and that he or she, therefore, fully and expressly accepts them

 

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